Jakarta, Pemain sepakbola asal Paraguay, Diego Mendieta, meninggal lantaran penyakit yang dideritanya. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) menginfeksi tubuhnya dan jamur candida yang juga bersemayam. Belum lagi demam berdarah yang dideritanya. Seperti apa keganasan virus dan jamur tersebut?
“CMV adalah virus yang memiliki sifat oportunistik, karena baru akan menjadi aktif apabila kekebalan tubuh seseorang menurun,” terang dokter spesialis penyakit dalam di RSCM, dr Adityo Susilo SpPD, dalam perbincangan dengan detikHealth, Rabu (5/12/2012).
Virus ini bisa menyebar melalui cairan tubuh. Bisa dari cairan di alat kelamin maupun darah. Sedangkan penyebaran melalui air liur, menurut dr Adit, belum terkonfirmasi.
“Bisa saja kita punya CMV, tapi karena bagus kekebalan tubuhnya, maka tidak bergejala. Nah, saat imun turun barulah virus ini mengalami reaktivasi,” imbuhnya.
Saat reaktivasi, virus ini bisa menyerang ke organ tubuh lainnya. Bisa manifestasi infeksi paru atau pneumonia, dan bisa juga ke retina atau disebut retinitis.
“Retina bisa mengalami peradangan akibat aktivasi virus ini. Kebanyakan menyerangnya ke paru dan ke retina, tapi bisa juga ke organ lainnya,” jelas dr Adit.
Bila menyerang ginjal maka disebut CMV nefritis, jika menyerang hati disebut CMV hepatitis, bila jantung yang diserang disebut CMV myocarditis, bila paru-paru yang diserang disebut CMV pneumonitis, kalau mata yang diserang disebut CMV retinitis, jika lambung yang diserang disebut CMV gastritis, bila usus yang diserang disebut CMV colitis, dan kalau otak yang diserang disebut CMV encephalitis.
Mengutip pidato pengukuhan di upacara penerimaan jabatan guru besar patologi klinik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro pada 28 Juli 2007 yang disampaikan M.A. Lisyani Budipradigdo Suromo berjudul ‘Kewaspadaan terhadap Infeksi Cytomegalovirus Serta Kegunaan Deteksi Secara laboratorik’, pada kondisi kompetensi imun yang baik (imunokompeten), infeksi CMV akut jarang menimbulkan komplikasi. Akan tetapi penyakit dapat menjadi berat bila yang bersangkutan berada dalam keadaan immature (belum matang), immunosuppressed (respons imun tertekan) atau immunocompromised (respons imun lemah), termasuk ibu hamil dan neonatus, pengidap HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), mereka yang mendapatkan transplantasi organ atau pengobatan imunosupresan dan yang mengalami penyakit keganasan.
Sementara itu terkait jamur Candida, diketahui jamur ini memiliki spesies yang banyak, salah satunya Candida albicans. Candida sebenarnya adalah jamur yang normal ada di tubuh manusia. Namun pada saat terjadi ketidakseimbangan kekebalan tubuh, maka jamur ini jadi berbahaya. Ketika pertahanan neutrofil terganggu maka akan memfasilitasi pertumbuhan Candida.
“Candida menginfeksi dalam darah, tentu sangat berbahaya. Kalau infeksi butuh faktor risiko, kalau nggak ada mungkin flora normal. Begitu ada pemeriksaan klinis, diketahui infeksi,” terang dr Adit.
Penyakit-penyakit yang dapat membuat tubuh lebih rentan terhadap infeksi kandidiasis, khususnya mulut (oral trush), seperti dikutip dari MayoClinic antara lain HIV/AIDS, kanker, diabetes mellitus dan infeksi jamur vagina.
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